seize independence

Indonesia

 

Officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 13.466 islands [6] and 33 Provinces. With over 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's largest economy by nominal Eighteenth and Fifteenth largest GDP by purchasing power parity.The Indonesian archipelago has Become an Important trade region since at least the 7th century, Pls Srivijaya and Majapahit then later traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early Centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist Kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders Brought Islam, and Christianity and European powers fought Brought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku During the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half Centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The Javanese are the largest-and the politically-dominant ethnic group. Indonesia has developed a shared identity defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism including Rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, "Unity in Diversity" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity That shapes the country. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has the vast areas of wilderness That supports the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The country is richly endowed with natural resources, yet poverty widespread in contemporary Indonesia Remains

Etymology

The name Indonesia derives from the Latin Indus, and the Greek nesos, meaning "island". [9] The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. [10] In 1850, George Windsor Earl,'s Home ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians - and, his preference, Malayunesians - for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago". [11] In the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a Synonym for Indian Archipelago. [12] However the, Dutch academics writing in East Indies were the resource persons publications Reluctant to use Indonesia. Instead, They used the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and Insulinde. [13]

From. 1900, the name Indonesia Became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian Nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. [13] Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularized the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels , 1884-1894. The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), Pls he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the name Indonesisch Press-bureau in 1913

History

Fossilized remainss of Homo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man", suggest the Indonesian archipelago That was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago. [15] Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45.000 years ago. [16] Austronesian peoples, the WHO form the majority of the modern population, migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE, and as They spread through the archipelago, confined the native Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions. [17] Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering of wet-field rice cultivation as early as the 8th century BCE , [18] allowed villages, towns, and small Kingdoms to Flourish by the 1st century CE. Indonesia's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade, including links with Indian Kingdoms and China, the which were the resource persons established Several Centuries BCE. [19] Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history. [20]The nutmeg plant is native to Indonesia's Banda Islands. Once one of the World's Most Valuable commodities, it drew the first European colonial powers to Indonesia.From the 7th century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism were the resource persons That imported with it. [21] Between the eighth and 10th Centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist and Hindu Mataram dynasties Sailendra thrived and Declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments Such as Sailendra's Borobudur and Mataram's Prambanan. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia. [22]Although Muslim traders first Traveled through South East Asia early in the Islamic era, the earliest evidence of Islamized Populations in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra. [23] Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, the which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java. [24] The first regular contact the between Europeans and the peoples of Indonesia began in 1512, Pls Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrao, sought to monopolize the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and Cubeb pepper in Maluku. [25] Dutch and British traders Followed. In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Became the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalized colony. [26]For most of the colonial period, Dutch control over the archipelago was tenuous outside of coastal strongholds; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to Become Indonesia's current boundaries. [27] Despite major internal political, social and sectarian divisions During the National Revolution, Indonesians, on the whole, found unity in Their fight for independence. During Japanese occupation of World War II ended Dutch rule, [28] and encouraged the Indonesian independence movement Previously suppressed. [29] A later UN report Stated That Died four million people in Indonesia as a result of Famine and forced labor During the Japanese occupation. [30] Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, Sukarno, an Influential Nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president. [31] The Netherlands tried to reestablish Their rule, and an armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally Recognized Indonesian independence [32] (with the exception of the Dutch territory of West New Guinea, the which was incorporated into Indonesia following the 1962 New York Agreement, and the UN-Mandated Act of Free Choice of 1969

 Indonesia Sukarno moved from democracy Towards authoritarianism, and maintained his power base by balancing the Opposing forces of the military and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). [34] An attempted coup on 30 September 1965 was countered by the army, the WHO led a violent anti-Communist purge, During the which the PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively Destroyed. [35] Around 500,000 people are estimated to have been killed. [36] The head of the military, General Suharto, out-maneuvered the politically Weakened Sukarno, and was formally appointed president in March 1968. His New Order administration [37] was supported by the U.S. government, [38] and encouraged foreign direct investment in Indonesia, the which was a major factor in the subsequent three Decades of substantial economic growth. However, the authoritarian "New Order" was widely accused of corruption and suppression of political Opposition. [39]

Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the late 1990s Asian financial crisis. [40] This popular Increased Discontent with the New Order and led to popular protest across the country. Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998. [41] In 1999, East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia, after a twenty-five-year military occupation That was marked by International Condemnation of repression of the East Timorese. [42] Since Suharto's resignation, a strengthening of democratic processes has included a regional autonomy program, and the first direct presidential election in 2004. Political and economic instability, Social Unrest, corruption, terrorism and slowed the progress, however, in the last five years the economy has performed strongly. Although relations Among different religious and ethnic groups are largely Harmonious, Discontent and sectarian violence has occurred. [43] A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005